qutip – skill Bảo mật cho agent AI

QuTiP 5

Scope

Use QuTiP for finite-dimensional quantum mechanics, quantum optics, Lindblad

dynamics, trajectories, weak-coupling Bloch-Redfield models, and specialized

Floquet, HEOM, and permutational-invariance methods. It is not a hardware

execution SDK. Circuit and control functionality moved to separate QuTiP family

packages.

This skill targets QuTiP 5.3.1, released 2026-08-04. QuTiP 5.3 requires

Python 3.11 or newer. Its required distributions are NumPy (>=1.23.2), SciPy

(>=1.9.2, excluding 1.16.0 and 1.17.0), and packaging.

Reproducible uv snapshot

Create a dedicated environment and pin every direct distribution:

uv venv --python 3.11
uv pip install "qutip==5.3.1"

For plots:

uv pip install "qutip[graphics]==5.3.1"

Optional QuTiP family packages are independently versioned:

uv pip install "qutip-qip==0.4.2"
uv pip install "qutip-qtrl==0.2.0"
uv pip install "qutip-jax==0.1.1"

• qutip-qip 0.4.2 (2026-06-23) is the production/stable circuit, gate, and

noisy-device simulation package. Import from qutip_qip, not qutip.qip.

• qutip-qtrl 0.2.0 (2026-06-23) provides GRAPE and CRAB **quantum optimal

control**. It is not a trajectory viewer. Import from qutip_qtrl, not

qutip.control; PyPI still classifies it pre-alpha.

• qutip-jax 0.1.1 (2025-05-29) is the official JAX data backend for GPU and

automatic-differentiation experiments. It is explicitly pre-alpha.

• qutip-cupy is an official QuTiP-organization repository, but it has no PyPI

release and its own README says it is not officially released. Do not put an

unreleased Git install into a reproducible workflow.

Use a project lockfile or a hash-generating uv pip compile workflow when

transitive dependency identity must also be frozen.

Core tests cover small native CPU systems with known solutions. Optional JAX

checks cover CPU conversion/evolution and differentiation only; GPU/MPI,

large HEOM hierarchies, and experimentally realistic physics are unvalidated.

Snippets with placeholders such as H, rho0, or c_ops are illustrative

fragments to adapt after defining a consistent model.

Non-negotiable model contract

Before solving, record:

1. Units and convention. QuTiP equations normally set \(\hbar=1\).

Hamiltonian entries are angular frequencies and rates have reciprocal-time

units. A decay rate specified as 1/T1 needs no 2*pi factor. Convert

cyclic frequency with \(2\pi f\); never mix Hz and rad/s.

2. Subsystem order. tensor(A, B, C) fixes subsystem indices 0, 1, 2.

Preserve that order in every state, operator, collapse channel, and partial

trace. obj.ptrace([0, 2]) keeps those subsystems; it does not trace them.

3. State validity. Check ket norm or density-matrix Hermiticity, unit trace,

and eigenvalues above a stated negative tolerance. Tiny negative values may

be numerical; material negativity invalidates a claimed state.

4. Generator meaning. A Lindblad channel with rate gamma is represented

by sqrt(gamma) * A, not gamma * A. Define what each rate measures. For

example, sqrt(gamma_phi / 2) * sigmaz() gives coherence decay

exp(-gamma_phi * t).

5. Approximations. State rotating-wave, Born-Markov, secular, weak-coupling,

bath-equilibrium, truncation, symmetry, and initial-factorization assumptions

wherever used.

6. Numerics. Justify Hilbert truncation, output grid, integration method,

tolerances, trajectory count, and random seeds. Report result.stats.

7. Convergence. Sweep every artificial cutoff: Fock dimension, time/frequency

window and spacing, ODE tolerances, trajectories, Floquet harmonics, HEOM

depth and bath exponents, or PIQS representation as applicable.

Qobj, dimensions, and tensor order

Prefer explicit imports and inspect both shape and structured dimensions:

from qutip import basis, qeye, sigmaz, tensor

psi = tensor(basis(2, 0), basis(3, 1))
z_on_first = tensor(sigmaz(), qeye(3))

assert psi.shape == (6, 1)
assert psi.dims == [[2, 3], [1]]
assert z_on_first.dims == [[2, 3], [2, 3]]
rho_first = psi.proj().ptrace(0)  # keep subsystem 0

Matrix shape alone is insufficient: two objects can both be 6-by-6 but encode

different tensor factorizations. Read references/core_concepts.md before

building composite, superoperator, or channel models.

Choose the solver by physics

| Model | Current API | Required justification |

|---|---|---|

| Closed, pure, unitary | sesolve | Hermitian Hamiltonian; no dissipation |

| Lindblad/open or mixed | mesolve | Markovian completely positive model and channel rates |

| Quantum jumps | mcsolve | Unravelling, trajectory convergence, seeds |

| Microscopic weak bath | brmesolve | Born-Markov/weak coupling, spectra, secular choice |

| Diffusive measurement | ssesolve, smesolve | monitored versus unmonitored channels |

| Periodic drive | FloquetBasis, fsesolve, fmmesolve | verified period and Floquet convergence |

| Structured non-Markovian bath | qutip.solver.heom | bath expansion and hierarchy convergence |

| Symmetric spin ensemble | qutip.piqs | permutation symmetry and basis choice |

Do not select a more specialized solver merely because it exists.

Deterministic open-system example

QuTiP 5.3 uses ordinary option dictionaries. e_ops, args, and

options are keyword-only; the old mutable options object is gone.

import numpy as np
from qutip import basis, mesolve, sigmam, sigmaz

omega = 2.0
gamma = 0.15
tlist = np.linspace(0.0, 20.0, 401)
excited = basis(2, 0)

result = mesolve(
    0.5 * omega * sigmaz(),
    excited,
    tlist,
    c_ops=[np.sqrt(gamma) * sigmam()],
    e_ops={"sigma_z": sigmaz(), "excited": excited.proj()},
    options={
        "method": "adams",
        "atol": 1e-10,
        "rtol": 1e-8,
        "store_final_state": True,
        "normalize_output": False,
        "progress_bar": "",
    },
)

population = np.asarray(result.e_data["excited"])
assert np.max(np.abs(population - np.exp(-gamma * tlist))) < 2e-6
assert isinstance(result.stats, dict)

If the problem is stiff, compare bdf or lsoda; do not change an integrator

without rerunning tolerance and invariant checks. QuTiP 5.3 also supports

options={"matrix_form": True} in mesolve; benchmark and validate it before

using it as a default.

Time-dependent systems

Prefer trusted Pythonic callables or numeric coefficient arrays. Do not create

coefficient source strings from user input.

import numpy as np
from qutip import QobjEvo, sigmax, sigmaz

def envelope(t, amplitude, center, width):
    return amplitude * np.exp(-0.5 * ((t - center) / width) ** 2)

H = QobjEvo(
    [0.5 * sigmaz(), [sigmax(), envelope]],
    args={"amplitude": 0.2, "center": 5.0, "width": 1.0},
)
instantaneous_H = H(5.0)
H.arguments(amplitude=0.1)

The older f(t, args) coefficient signature is deprecated in 5.3 and is

scheduled for removal in 5.5. See references/time_evolution.md.

For narrow pulses, the output tlist is not the adaptive integrator’s internal

step schedule. Bound the solver’s max_step below half the narrowest pulse width,

then reduce it further to check convergence of the pulse response. Tight

relative/absolute tolerances alone can still miss a pulse sampled only in an

idle region. See the [QuTiP solver options](https://qutip.readthedocs.io/en/qutip-5.3.x/apidoc/solver.html).

Trajectories and stochastic solvers

import numpy as np
from qutip import basis, mcsolve, sigmam, sigmaz

tlist = np.linspace(0.0, 10.0, 201)
result = mcsolve(
    0.5 * sigmaz(),
    basis(2, 0),
    tlist,
    [np.sqrt(0.2) * sigmam()],
    e_ops=[basis(2, 0).proj()],
    ntraj=400,
    seeds=20260723,
    options={"keep_runs_results": False, "progress_bar": ""},
)

Report ntraj, result.seeds, uncertainty or repeated-seed sensitivity, and

whether individual runs were retained. Reuse seeds=previous_result.seeds only

when paired trajectories are intentional. ssesolve and smesolve use the

boolean heterodyne argument, not legacy integer noise codes.

Steady states, spectra, and phase space

import numpy as np
from qutip import QFunc, liouvillian, operator_to_vector, qfunc, steadystate

rho_ss = steadystate(H, c_ops, method="direct")
residual = (liouvillian(H, c_ops) * operator_to_vector(rho_ss)).norm()
assert residual < 1e-9

xvec = np.linspace(-5.0, 5.0, 151)
Q_once = qfunc(rho_ss, xvec, xvec)
q_many = QFunc(xvec, xvec)
Q_again = q_many(rho_ss)
assert Q_once.shape == (len(xvec), len(xvec))

For wigner, qfunc, and QFunc, array element [j, k] corresponds to

yvec[j], xvec[k]. In QuTiP 5.3, QFunc is initialized with fixed

coordinates and called with a state; it has no .eval method. This skill never

uses Python dynamic-code execution. Prefer plot_wigner, Result.plot_expect,

or explicit Matplotlib axes as documented in references/visualization.md.

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