python-debugpy – skill Lập trình cho agent AI

Python Debugger (pdb + debugpy)

Overview

Three tools, picked by situation:

| Tool | When |

|---|---|

| breakpoint() + pdb | Local, interactive, simplest. Add breakpoint() in the source, run normally, get a REPL at that line. |

| python -m pdb | Launch an existing script under pdb with no source edits. Useful for quick poking. |

| debugpy | Remote / headless / "attach to already-running process." Talks DAP, scriptable from terminal, works for long-lived processes (gateway, daemon, PTY children). |

Start with breakpoint(). It's the cheapest thing that works.

When to Use

• A test fails and the traceback doesn't reveal why a value is wrong
• You need to step through a function and watch a collection mutate
• A long-running process (hermes gateway, tui_gateway) misbehaves and you can't restart it
• Post-mortem: an exception fired in prod-ish code and you want to inspect locals at the crash site
• A subprocess / child (Python _SlashWorker, PTY bridge worker) is the actual bug site

Don't use for: things print() / logging.debug solve in under a minute, or things pytest -vv --tb=long --showlocals already reveals.

pdb Quick Reference

Inside any pdb prompt ((Pdb)):

| Command | Action |

|---|---|

| h / h cmd | help |

| n | next line (step over) |

| s | step into |

| r | return from current function |

| c | continue |

| unt N | continue until line N |

| j N | jump to line N (same function only) |

| l / ll | list source around current line / full function |

| w | where (stack trace) |

| u / d | move up / down in the stack |

| a | print args of the current function |

| p expr / pp expr | print / pretty-print expression |

| display expr | auto-print expr on every stop |

| b file:line | set breakpoint |

| b func | break on function entry |

| b file:line, cond | conditional breakpoint |

| cl N | clear breakpoint N |

| tbreak file:line | one-shot breakpoint |

| !stmt | execute arbitrary Python (assignments included) |

| interact | drop into full Python REPL in current scope (Ctrl+D to exit) |

| q | quit |

The interact command is the most powerful — you can import anything, inspect complex objects, even call methods that mutate state. Locals are read-only by default; use !x = 42 from the (Pdb) prompt to mutate.

Recipe 1: Local breakpoint

Easiest. Edit the file:

def compute(x, y):
    result = some_helper(x)
    breakpoint()           # <-- drops into pdb here
    return result + y

Run the code normally. You land at the breakpoint() line with full access to locals.

Don't forget to remove breakpoint() before committing. Use git diff or a pre-commit grep:

rg -n 'breakpoint\(\)' --type py

Recipe 2: Launch a script under pdb (no source edits)

python -m pdb path/to/script.py arg1 arg2
# Lands at first line of script
(Pdb) b path/to/script.py:42
(Pdb) c

Recipe 3: Debug a pytest test

Use terminal and the canonical runner for noninteractive diagnostics:

# Show locals in tracebacks without pdb:
scripts/run_tests.sh tests/path/to/test_file.py --showlocals --tb=long

scripts/run_tests.sh captures each file in a separate subprocess, so --pdb

or --trace cannot provide an interactive prompt there. For an interactive

debugger only, use the independent development/test interpreter prepared in

Recipe 5 (never a production generation):

.venv/bin/python -m pytest tests/foo_test.py::test_bar --pdb

This bypasses the hermetic-env guarantees — fine for debugging, but re-run under the wrapper to confirm before pushing.

Recipe 4: Post-mortem on any exception

import pdb, sys
try:
    run_the_thing()
except Exception:
    pdb.post_mortem(sys.exc_info()[2])

Or wrap a whole script:

python -m pdb -c continue script.py
# When it crashes, pdb catches it and you're in the frame of the exception

Or set a global hook in a repl/jupyter:

import sys
def excepthook(etype, value, tb):
    import pdb; pdb.post_mortem(tb)
sys.excepthook = excepthook

Recipe 5: Remote debug with debugpy (attach to running process)

For long-lived processes: Hermes gateway, tui_gateway, a daemon, a process that's already misbehaving and can't be restarted clean.

Setup

For Hermes, use a separate development checkout and data home, not a live

production generation. Follow the

[PM developer workflow](https://hermes-agent.nousresearch.com/docs/reference/package-management#developer-workflow)

and activate that checkout — PowerShell: . .\activate.ps1. The declared dev

extra includes debugpy, which PM activation does not sync (all excludes it).

Through terminal, build a fresh, caller-owned debug/test environment with the

prepared checkout's Python:

source ./activate
python -m pm.build_env --source . --out .venv --group dev --group test
.venv/bin/python -c "import debugpy; print(debugpy.__file__)"

The output must not already exist. Stop its processes and intentionally remove

only that disposable environment before rebuilding. Keep the same isolated

HERMES_HOME for the debug target. .venv/bin/python is this explicitly built

debug environment, not a guessed application venv, and the patterns below run

through it. Do not add debugpy to a running production environment; reproduce

there only with an already-prepared debug target or arrange a restart in the

development environment.

Pattern A: Source-edit — process waits for debugger at launch

Add near the top of the entry point (or inside the function you want to debug):

import debugpy
debugpy.listen(("127.0.0.1", 5678))
print("debugpy listening on 5678, waiting for client...", flush=True)
debugpy.wait_for_client()
debugpy.breakpoint()       # optional: pause immediately once attached

Start the process; it blocks on wait_for_client().

Pattern B: No source edit — launch with -m debugpy

.venv/bin/python -m debugpy --listen 127.0.0.1:5678 --wait-for-client your_script.py arg1

Equivalent for module entry:

.venv/bin/python -m debugpy --listen 127.0.0.1:5678 --wait-for-client -m your.module

Pattern C: Attach to an already-running process

Needs the PID and debugpy preinstalled in the target's environment:

.venv/bin/python -m debugpy --listen 127.0.0.1:5678 --pid <pid>
# debugpy injects itself into the process. Then attach a client as below.

Some kernels/security configs block the ptrace-based injection (/proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope). Fix with:

echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope

Connecting a client from the terminal

The easiest terminal-side DAP client is VS Code CLI or a small script. From inside Hermes you have two practical options:

Option 1: debugpy's own CLI REPL — not an official feature, but a tiny DAP client script:

# ~/.hermes/cache/scratch/dap_client.py
import socket, json, itertools, time, sys

HOST, PORT = "127.0.0.1", 5678
s = socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT))
seq = itertools.count(1)

def send(msg):
    msg["seq"] = next(seq)
    body = json.dumps(msg).encode()
    s.sendall(f"Content-Length: {len(body)}\r\n\r\n".encode() + body)

def recv():
    header = b""
    while b"\r\n\r\n" not in header:
        header += s.recv(1)
    length = int(header.decode().split("Content-Length:")[1].split("\r\n")[0].strip())
    body = b""
    while len(body) < length:
        body += s.recv(length - len(body))
    return json.loads(body)

send({"type": "request", "command": "initialize", "arguments": {"adapterID": "python"}})
print(recv())
send({"type": "request", "command": "attach", "arguments": {}})
print(recv())
send({"type": "request", "command": "setBreakpoints",
      "arguments": {"source": {"path": sys.argv[1]},
                    "breakpoints": [{"line": int(sys.argv[2])}]}})
print(recv())
send({"type": "request", "command": "configurationDone"})
# ... loop reading events and sending continue/stepIn/etc.

This is fine for one-off automation but painful as an interactive UX.

Option 2: Attach from VS Code / Cursor / Zed — if the user has one open, they can add a launch.json:

{
  "name": "Attach to Hermes",
  "type": "debugpy",
  "request": "attach",
  "connect": { "host": "127.0.0.1", "port": 5678 },
  "justMyCode": false,
  "pathMappings": [
    { "localRoot": "${workspaceFolder}", "remoteRoot": "<hermes-agent-repo>" }
  ]
}

Option 3: Ditch DAP, use remote-pdb — usually what you actually want from a terminal agent:

For an independently owned Python project, declare remote-pdb in that

project's development dependencies and prepare its debug environment through

the project's package manager. This is not a Hermes SDK install recipe. For

Hermes, prefer the declared debugpy dependency; the remote-pdb examples below

require a separately declared, freshly built debug environment, never an

in-place pip insta

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